Peng L, Shan XL, Yang YZ, Wang YC, Druzhinina IS, Pan XY, et al. Genome-wide reprogramming of regulatory networks, transport, cell wall and membrane biogenesis during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. Guether M, Balestrini R, Hannah M, He J, Udvardi MK, Bonfante P. Our study reveals the essential role of hyphosphere microorganism-based hyphal spreading in plant-fungal symbiosis establishment within nitrogen-affected agroecosystems. liquidambaris- Enterobacter-AOA triple interaction promoted rice growth in NH 4 +-enriched soil.

Microbial supplementation and inhibitor assays showed that AOA-mediated reduction in NH 4 +:NO 3 − ratio is responsible for SZ2-enhanced fungal adaptation to NH 4 +-enriched conditions. We further identified an increased abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and a synchronously decreased NH 4 +:NO 3 − ratio following SZ2 inoculation. SZ2-promoted hyphal spreading is only evident in nonsterilized soil. Genetic manipulation, 16S rRNA gene analysis and coinoculation assays revealed that the genus Enterobacter was enriched in the hyphosphere of NH 4 +-sensitive wild-type compared to NH 4 +-preferring nitrite reductase‐deficient strain. By developing soil microcosm assays, we report that a plant-symbiotic fungus, Phomopsis liquidambaris, harbors specific hyphosphere bacteria that facilitate hyphal spreading and assist in the root colonization in NH 4 +-enriched soil. Hyphosphere bacteria protect fungi from environmental stress, yet the impact of hyphosphere bacteria on adaptation of host fungi to NH 4 +-enriched conditions remains unclear. Access of symbiotic fungi to roots is a prerequisite for plant-fungal interactions. Make it one of your interior.Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs lead to a high ammonium (NH 4 +)/nitrate (NO 3 −) ratio in the soil, which restricts hyphal spreading of soil fungi. You can set the movable clock in three different fonts on the screen. Enjoy the pictures with Tenmon’s wonderful works that sets the mood, or also with music in your own library.

The app contains three songs from Cosmonaut.

View your favorite scene as you like or by slideshow, play/pause and speed controllable, which feels like actually watching the film! You can save the pictures and decorate your devices as wallpapers. The pictures are arranged in order of the story of Cosmonaut. *This app features only Chapter 2 Cosmonaut This series of three short animations directed by Makoto Shinkai in 2007 has been capturing people’s heart worldwide with its gorgeous picture and touching story. 5 Centimeters per Second Film Art Book brings you the beautiful art of the acclaimed film “5 Centimeters per Second.”

Download film 5 cm per second